Turret mods are sorted by what attributes they modify. Turret mods that aren't able to be sorted like that will be just be placed in the misc. section. Note that depending on which turret you're using, some descriptions displayed here could be slightly different in-game.

This guide is made for the purpose of keeping track of the turret mods that exist in this game and to plan future builds for future runs/turret trial attempts. (Also spurred on from Cell Command having one and this game not having one.)

Weapon Mod Database: Link
Mutation Database: Link

You're welcome to use the comment section below to suggest improvements to this database and let me know if I have missed a turret mod. While I'm quite confident these should be all the turret mods in game, its possible I may have overlook one/some. Please share those if I did, preferably in a screenshot.

Screenshots taken and cropped by me.