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BTO ( RANK 1.3 ) ( 🚩 USSR ) (Towed anti-tank gun) (37 mm anti-tank gun M1930 (1-K))

🛡️ 37 mm Anti-Tank Gun Model 1930 (1-K)
Type: Light towed anti-tank gun
Country of origin: Soviet Union
Designer: Rheinmetall (Germany), license-produced by Soviet Plant No. 8 “Kalinin”
Service entry: Early 1930s
Combat use: Limited use in World War II

Development & Production
The gun was originally developed by the German company Rheinmetall in 1926 as a prototype for what would later become the 3.7 cm PaK 35/36. Through a secret military-industrial partnership facilitated by the "Butast" front company, the Soviet Union obtained blueprints, components, and prototypes. The weapon was officially adopted as the 1-K in 1930.
Production was carried out at Plant No. 8 in 1931–1932, with approximately 509 units built. Manufacturing was halted when the more powerful 45 mm anti-tank gun model 1932 (19-K) was adopted.

Technical Specifications
Parameter Value
Caliber 37 × 250 mm R
Barrel length 1.56 m (L/42); overall 1.66 m (L/45)
Breech Horizontal sliding-block
Recoil system Hydro-spring
Carriage Split-trail, unsprung wooden wheels
Elevation range –8° to +25°
Traverse 60° total
Rate of fire 10–15 rounds per minute
Muzzle velocity 800–850 m/s

Operational Use
This was the Red Army's first purpose-built anti-tank gun. By the mid-1930s, it was used mainly for training. As of January 1936, there were 506 guns in inventory, with 422 in operational condition.
Although considered obsolete by the time the German-Soviet war began in 1941, some units were deployed early in the conflict, but many were quickly lost or withdrawn.
Captured examples were redesignated by the German Wehrmacht as 3.7 cm Pak 158(r).

Legacy
The 1-K provided critical early experience in anti-tank artillery for the Soviet military. Its development laid the foundation for the more effective 45 mm guns that followed. The weapon shared many design elements and ammunition characteristics with its German counterpart, the PaK 35/36.