Chapter 1: New Arrivals: 00:00
Log 1: 9:06 [Vent Warning]
Log 2: 10:57 [Shoot The Limbs]
Power Node 1: 13:17
Log 3: 13:34 [Tram Status]

Wait around here doing nothing for about 3 minutes for the log to trigger.
Log 4: 15:56 [Find The Data Board]

Log 5: 20:25 [Repair Invoice]
Power Node 2: 21:59

Chapter 2: Intensive Care: 00:00
Schematic 1: 0:52 [Flamethrower]
Log 1: 4:10 [Mercer's Journal]
Log 2-3: 4:30 [Kyne And The Captain/Marker Overview]
Power Node 1: 6:23
Log 4-5/Power Node Room 1: 8:08 [Interesting Results/Mercer And Kyne]
Schematic 2/Power Node 2: 9:16 [Pulse Rounds]
Log 6-7: 15:00 [Nicole's Report/We'll Find Her]
Schematic 3/Power Node Room 2: 16:30 [Line Racks]
Log 8-9: 17:43 [Eileen/Newborns]
Log 10-11: 18:57 [More Time/Colonist Problems]
Log 12: 19:44 [Autopsy Report]
Power Node 3: 20:33

Chapter 3: Course Correction: 00:00
Log 1: 0:39 [Temple Report 1]
Log 2/Schematic 1: 1:10 [Temple Report 2/Flame Fuel]
Log 3: 1:37 [Chaos]
Log 4/Power Node 1: 4:17 [Temple Report 3]
Schematic 2: 4:53 [Ripper]
Log 5: 8:35 [Temple Report 4]
Power Node 2: 10:48
Schematic 3: 17:45 [Medium Med Pack]
Log 6/Power Node 3: 18:16 [Corruption]
Log 7: 18:50 [Temple Report 5]
Schematic 4/Power Node Room 1: 20:18 [Ripper Blades]
Power Node 4: 22:54

It is impossible to get all 20 logs in this chapter due to a conflict between two main story logs. The final missing log can only be obtained in NG+. The missing log is obtained by completing the last system repair that you did in your first playthrough. Meaning if you did 1 then 2 then 3, the missing log would be 3. So you have to do 3 first in NG+ to obtain it.

Chapter 4: Obliteration Imminent: 00:00
Log 1: 1:35 [Initial Attack]
Schematic 1: 2:01 [Level 3 Suit]
Log 2: 2:19 List Of Dead

Wait about 30 seconds before killing it so the log can trigger.
Log 3: 4:05 [Brute Combat]

Power Node 1: 5:52
Log 4: 7:53 [Captain's Demise]
Schematic 2: 8:47 [Contact Beam]
Power Node 2: 11:28
Log 5/Power Node 3: 16:50 [Report Of Infection]
Power Node Room 1: 17:28
Log 6/Schematic 3: 20:02 [Temple On The Bridge/Force Gun]

Chapter 5: Lethal Devotion: 00:00
Log 1/ Power Node 1/Schematic 1: 2:56 [Mercer's Experiment 1/Force Energy]
Log 2: 9:38 [Mercer's Experiment 2]
Power Node 2: 14:50

Chapter 6: Environmental Hazard: 00:00
Log 1: 0:17 [Cross Report 1]
Schematic 1: 1:23 [Contact Energy]
Log 2: 3:22 [Corruption]
Power Node Room 1: 3:53
Power Node 1: 5:28
Log 3: 7:54 [Cross Report 3]
Power Node 2: 8:24
Log 4: 9:06 [Temple's Search]
Log 5: 21:40 [Cross Report 2]
Power Node 3: 23:00
Log 6: 26:27 [Cross Report 4]

Chapter 7: Into The Void: 00:00
Power Node 1: 0:41
Log 1: 4:02 [Kyne's Hostage]
Schematic 1/Power Node 2: 8:07 [Level 4 Suit]
Log 2: 10:38 [Temple And Elizabeth]
Log 3: 11:54 [Processing Room Problem]
Power Node Room 1: 14:07
Power Node 3: 16:56
Log 4: 19:45 [Supervisor's Choice]
Log 5: 21:17 [Mining Timeline]

To obtain this log you first need to destroy all of the four tethers that are connected to the asteroid and you MUST NOT plant the beacon. Doing so will make getting the log impossible. Once the tethers are destroyed you must backtrack to the area where you are prompted to launch the asteroid, instead of completing the objective you will trigger the hidden log.
Log 6: 21:48 [Attach The Beacon]

Power Node 4: 25:08

Chapter 8: Search And Rescue: 00:00
Log 1/Power Node 1: 4:16 [Illegal Mining]
Schematic 1/Power Node 2: 5:25 [Medium Air Can]
Power Node 3: 10:45

Chapter 9: Dead On Arrival: 00:00
Log 1/Power Node 1: 7:54 [Emergency]

You have to complete all five levels of the shooting range to acquire the power node.
Power Node 2: 8:46

Schematic 1: 12:39 [Large Med Pack]
Power Node 3: 13:20
Log 2: 17:34 [Orders]

Chapter 10: End Of Days: 00:00
Log 1/Schematic 1: 1:05 [Z-Ball Rules/Level 5 Suit]

To acquire the power node you must pass all six levels of the Z-Ball minigame. It can be done at any given point in the chapter so you can't fail to complete it. The power node is located in the lockers outside the arena.
Power Node 1: 1:34

Log 2-3: 3:40 [Unitology Article/Locked Executive Door]
Power Node 2: 7:02
Power Node 3: 12:22
Power Node Room 1: 17:31
Log 4: 24:47 [Captain's Report]
Log 5: 25:16 [White's List]
Power Node 4: 29:28

Chapter 11: Alternate Solutions: 00:00
Power Node 1: 1:58
Peng Statue: 10:29
Power Node 2: 18:10

Chapter 12: Dead Space: 00:00
Power Node 1: 0:14
Log 1: 1:23 [Colony Chaos]
Power Node Room 1: 8:38
Power Node 2: 14:58
Power Node 3: 15:40
Power Node 4: 22:34