There are 21 achievements in the game including at least 8 missable achievements. There will not be any major story spoilers in this guide, so go ahead and enjoy the game.

Also note that you have access to a chapter feature in the title screen, allowing you to go back to specific moments in the story. I have included the chapter and section for each missable achievement.

You will not have to replay through the entire game for any achievement.

These are the achievements you will naturally get by progressing the story.

Prove yourself
Finish the tutorial
Thank you for finding me
Finish Chapter 1.
Bad news
Finish Chapter 2.
Terrible insight
Finish Chapter 3.
Do the right thing
Finish Chapter 4.
Your life, your choice
The journey ends.

These are either related to the story and automatically unlocked, or hard to miss achievements.

Curious cat
Investigate 15 objects.
You can get this done in the tutorial room. Just click on every object that has a blue outline when you hover over it.
Let's do this
Complete your first consultation assignment.
Emergency
Stop the attacker.
Going to the farm
Ride the shuttle for the first time.
What could possibly go wrong
Complete your first racking assignment.
A Monster
Escape the construction site.

I will put the missable achievements in the chapter you will get them in.

Shower together
C'mon, Fran?
[1-1]
Once you get control of your character, knock on the bathroom door and ask to shower together.
Working towards "Slacker" achievement:
At some point, news will pop up on the TV screen in the hallway. Interact with it (1/2). This is all you need to do for the achievement in this chapter.

Slacker
Watch two TV news clips from the beginning to the end at work.
[1-3] and [2-2]
Interact with one of the TV's again when the news shows on the screen and go through all the dialogue. (2/2)
Note: Don't worry if you do not unlock this on day 2, you will have a chance to watch the TV once every day.

Welcome to Ops
Officially become a part of the Ops team.
[3-2]
When choosing which division to join, pick Ops.
Welcome to Screening
Officially become a part of the Ops team.
[3-2]
When choosing which division to join, pick Screening
What are we?
Some questions will never have a definite answer.
[3-6]
After talking to Lawrence at the end of Day 3, do not go back home. Instead, head left to sit down and talk with the kin.

Bridge-builder
Establish trust between Screening and Ops.
[4-3]
Note: Dialogue and route will differ depending on the team you chose.
Once you get free time after talking to Cathy/Jesse, take the elevator up to the rooftop and talk to Wayne/Justin to convince them to talk to the other.
Make sure to listen to Fran's advice when you head into the consultation room. There are more than one correct dialogue routes, but here are the ones I chose for each division:
Ops:
- Any
- Not all possibilities are worth exploring.
- I'm sorry but it takes time, and time is money.
- Trust me. The Ops team wants to fix the Cellar more than anyone else does.
- What if we just update the Cellar's life support system to match those of new farms?
Screening:
- Any
- People can't survive without a job.
- Even if so, you still should consider his plan.
- He recognizes your concerns, so you must consider his.
- What if we just update the Cellar's life support system to match those of new farms?
You're like a brother
Have a heart-to-heart talk with Lawrence on the night of Day 4
[4-7]
After the dinner, talk to Lawrence next to the apartment doors before entering.
I love you
Witness 23 professing her feelings for Situ.
[4-7]
Once in the apartment building, go left instead of returning to your room. Repeatedly knock on the door and you will enter a story sequence.

Decrypted
Read encrypted messages from the Red Room.
[5-2]
Once you have control of your character in the data collection room, you can interact with the ID card on the floor to find the passcode. Interact with the terminal on the left. Go to Personal messages -> Encrypted message. Passcode: AU06