First things first, play the first time normally. If you didn't finish yet, just close the page and play, it's a pretty easy game and looking up guides sucks out all the fun.
With that out of the way, I ended up doing the 10 missions, so by the last run I felt like leaving this for anyone who will bother with this later. Before I go over the game stages and base progression, a few mechanics:

Effective scouting

Scouting in this game is mainly about spotting research boxes, but you can also check the minimap later for anything else you missed. Moving only up or only down allows you to cover A LOT more ground in the same time because the game screen is wider than it is high, so scout in a direct vertical line. When your oxygen is a little above half left, move one screen to the side so you don't see what used to be the tile at the side border of your screen and move down.

Grazing

You don't need to bother cooking any dishes outside of plant slop, eat raw oranges as you pass the trees and grab grass for lubricant and grass, throw away the seeds. 1 stack of grass will keep you fed for a long time and when you get the water farm running you can dump the rest of grass into lubricant via chem lab.

Waypoint

Open the map, right click near your base and you'll have a permanent marker showing you the way home day and night. It has a late game building equivalent, for whatever reason.

Pick up the two containers, set up the base like this, crafting table accesible from inside.


Go around the landing site collecting scrap and food, make one furnace and one shovel, go dig up 12 iron for first research lab, grab a research box.
Our research path looks like this:


Grab the nearby research boxes, then you have to start scouting for more boxes, iron, food and some scrap. Total phase 1 scrap is 51, substract any whole chips that drop from that too. Build an upgraded shovel when the first one breaks, you won't need a third shovel, you don't need an axe either, but you'll need a jackhammer later.
With more resources your base should look like this:


With containers unlocked, craft 3 and plop them outdoors for now, try to fill one or two, not all, so you can pick empty later one. Around this time jackhammer comes into play, you want 30 uranium for 5 RTGs.


When you unlock power, you build rooms and switches to manage your power. Now we have proper storage double the size inside.


As your research reaches RTGs you should have enough of everything, you won't ever have to fuel the old generators again.


Another 8 research boxes later you get to the bulldozer. aside from the usual metal grabbing, you'll need 4 blue mushrooms (not seeds, throw seeds out) and 4 ice to craft the batteries for it, and also the third container we crafted earlier.


Congratulations, the game is trivial from here on and the rest of the game you'll never have to think about oxygen again.

Resource totals for this phase:
1 wood 12 stone 52 scrap 120 iron 30 raw uranium 5 lubricant 2 water 4 glowshroom

This chonker can do pretty much anything - mining, killing, giving oxygen and it even has a storage. To reacharge and repair, you need to park it onto the garage. So, the right way is to carry a garage and an RTG with you while driving, so you can recharge anywhere anytime, no matter how far from base.
So long as you have food or are ready to forage, you can go anywhere on the map, not that you have much of a reason.
The only reason is to find the volcanic biome where crystals are, and boulders have a chance to drop purritanium. You need 8 crystals, 40 purritanium, 30 uranium and the rest - iron. Across your travels you also want to finish research, so 9 more boxes. When this is done, finish up whatever iron left to farm and you can just chill at home.

This part is very straightforward, and can be done last instead, but if you do it earlier you'll have some more food saved up in case you get bad rain RNG later. Basically, water counts as food and you don't need any of these dumb farms to get it, just craft 3 water rooms, a spigot and 6 water collectors then upgrade them to automatic and hook them up to the remote part of the base.



Done. Now you'll always have food.

Resource totals for phase:
10 scrap 70 iron 12 raw uranium 8 lube

Furnace 3 makes a comeback, along with furnace 4. This is a very straightforward phase, all you need at this point is volcanis biome loot and another 100 iron. Go through the motions, slar a repair drone in the middle, put the game on the second monitor and await the end.


Resource totals for phase:
17 scrap 8 stone 100 iron 40 purr 12 lube 8 crystal



Good job, now go do this 8 more times, because you like achievements for whatever reason...
Also, go ahead and laugh at my day 23 rocket, I screenshotted only my relatively slow last run and my volcanic biome RNG was abysmal do-