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Αναφορά προβλήματος μετάφρασης
In the USA, we have the Federal Reverse, which is not directly owned by the government.
The act of printing money, and "controlling the value of industries" are two completely separate things.
It's true, the government can do all these things, and "place their thumb on the scale" in order to incentive certain industries.
But they do not control it, nor set prices. Influence, not control.
Local governments also control the land, and set zoning restrictions. They determine whether a Walmart or an apartment complex can be built.
The system included two independent circuits, each performing specific functions:
Cashless (industrial). Money existed not as physical banknotes, but as accounting entries in enterprise accounts. The state could "create" non-cash rubles in any quantity needed to finance the construction projects of the first five-year plans. This money was not a store of value, but an instrument for directing the distribution of resources.
Cash (consumer). This circuit served exclusively the population. Cash rubles (banknotes and coins) were issued as wages to workers and employees. The amount of this money in circulation was strictly limited and corresponded to the quantity of consumer goods the state could offer the population.
The key element of the system was an impenetrable wall between the two circuits. All transactions involving the conversion of non-cash funds into cash were under the strictest state control.
This two-circuit system of currency and money circulation existed until 1991.
With Industry you are those products.